Mary Dixon-Woods designed the project, led and supervised its execution, and drafted the manuscript. Ellen Annandale, Antony Arthur, Janet Harvey, Ron Hsu1, Savita Katbamna, Richard Olsen, Lucy Smith, Richard Riley and Alex J Sutton participated in the design of the study. All authors engaged in searching, screening, sampling, data extraction, and critical appraisal/critique activities, and contributed to the thematic analysis. Debbie Cavers and Shona Agarwal managed the searching, maintained the databases and coded material using N6 software. All authors contributed to the draft of the manuscript.

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